Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, 76, 229–247.Ĭoetzee, C. The stratigraphic history of the Malmani Dolomite in the eastern and north-eastern Transvaal. Etiology: Chemical and physical carcinogenesis. American Journal of Respiratory Cell Molecular Biology, 15, 141–147.īrand, K. Apoptosis is observed in mesothelial cells after exposure to crocidolite asbestos. R., Fung, H., Magae, J., Vacek, P., Taatjes, D. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 137, 67–74.īeruBé, K. Comparative proliferative and histopathologic changes in rat lungs after inhalation of chrysotile or crocidolite asbestos. R., Moulton, G., Hemenway, D., O'shaugnessy, P., Vacek, P. ![]() British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48, 793–802.īeruBé, K. Prediction of mesothelioma, lung cancer, and asbestosis in former Wittenoom asbestos workers. ![]() British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 40, 1–7.īerry, G., 1991. Mortality of workers manufacturing friction materials using asbestos. International Agency for Research on Cancer Scientific Publication no. Biological effects of Asbestos, Proceedings of the Working Conference. Experimental methods-cell and tissue culture: effects of asbestos particles on macrophages, mesothelial cells and fibroblasts. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51, 205–211.Īlleman, J. Retention patterns of asbestos fibres in lung tissue among asbestos cement workers. D., Stromberg, U., Attewell, R., Mitha, R. Given the long latency period (decades) typical of mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma and the fact that amphibole asbes- tos-bearing materials are still present in some buildings, asbestos-related cancer will inevitably continue to be a major cause of death in many countries worldwide well into the next century.Īlbin, A., Pooley, F. ![]() Although belated closure and reparation of the mines and imposition of threshold safety limits in the workplace will eventually stem this epidemic the death toll has not yet peaked. Amid- to late 20th century amphibole asbestos-related cancer epidemic has consequently struck not only mining and milling communities in producer countries, but many groups of workers (and their relatives and neighbours) exposed to amphibole asbestos-bearing materials in importer countries. Crocidolite mixed with chrysotile was commonly used in pressure pipes and gaskets, whereas amosite mixed with chrysotile was especially suitable for gut- ters, roofing, and insulation boards. Production peaked from 1966–1978 when around 2 million tons of crocidolite and1million tons of amosite were produced and exported to be used mainly in asbestos-based cement products and many types of building materials. Almost all amphibole asbestos sold on the world market was mined from Palaeoproterozoic ironstones in either the northern Cape Province (blue) or Trans- vaal (brown and blue) areas in South Africa. Therefore, despite the fact that asbestiformamphiboles comprise approximately 5%of industrially utilised asbestos (the rest being chrysotile), they have been disproportionately pathogenic. The long-term pres- ence of such fibres within and around the lungs can result in fibrous scarring, lung cancer, and is the major cause of the once extremely rare tumour known as diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Blue and brown asbestos fibres have a morphology and mineralogy which makes them more biopersistent and biochemically reactive than chrysotile (white asbestos). ![]() The most commonly utilised asbestiform amphiboles, crocidolite (blue asbestos) and amosite (brown asbestos), are implicated in a variety of diseases related to cell damage within the respiratory tract and adjacent areas. The risk to human health associated with the inhalation of amphibole asbestos has become devastatingly ap- parent this century.
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